Management of organisational knowledge is a very important aspect for an organisation, before the discussion about it, i would like to deliver about what knowledge means to organisation. By considering the present corporate world, most of the organisations started using knowledge in an efficient manner that tend to be more of value and resulted as success as the time past. Stewart (1997) states that knowledge is increasingly are being recognised to be an most important resource in any organisation and also have become the key differentiating factor in business. At the present stage, innovations and responsiveness have taken the place of being a major source of competitive differentiation, hence human components have been as knowledge creator, decision makers, and sense makers as per the statement of (Choo,1998, Davenport and Prusak, 1998, Nonaka1999) of knowledge have impacted on the firm’s valuation which has driven the knowledge to be viewed as asset that should be managed carefully, and this asset represents properties of the mind and are now personified in people and process, and also in the objects like trade mark, patents and copyrights(Brooks,1997), as the continuation the necessity of managing knowledge had led to an explosion or an expansion of knowledge management initiation within the organisation(Edvison & Malone,1997:Stewart,1997).
Now, let me start with the discussion about , can knowledge be managed..as large number of organisations are implementing or starting with knowledge management initiatives. the strategic motivations exists for the purpose of managing knowledge, which implies to the speed of change, shift to service based economy and as of today everything in a organisation are being done in an organised manner, due to the implementation of much improved technologies , the organisations know how to manage their knowledge(Lank,1997).it is being a belief of many, that knowledge can be managed with the help of technologies like internet and intranet that globalises the knowledge sharing.
Knowledge has been classified in to two types according to Nonako(1994) and Polanyi(1966), namely, Tacit and Explicit. To look in to the management of these two types of knowledge in the organisation, explicit knowledge is much easier to be managed, as it can be easily articulated and codified, on my view, organisations always helps to deal with tacit knowledge as it is being considered as the important part of the knowledge in organisation, however most of the time is spent with explicit, as the reason for this being the difficulty in expressing the tacit knowledge, hence the ability of codifying tacit knowledge becomes a challenge at times. Organisations are now well equipped with technologies in order to assimilate information at instance and convert then in to competitive advantages, many of the organisations have sufficient technical facilities to manage explicit knowledge efficiently, for example: data ware house and data mining.
Practical implication
It is now well understood according to the details stated above, that knowledge can be managed, in addition to it, the organisations are equipped with technologies to manage knowledge that provides capabilities to record, organise and recall information according to the operational needs, however to make an employee in the process and illicit from them a codification of tacit knowledge in an informatically usable way becomes a challenge, it becomes a bit difficult to bring out the tacit knowledge, however couldn’t be left as it is, for which there should be some solutions like encouraging employees in sharing knowledge by providing incentives and hence the tacit knowledge could also be managed in an efficient manner.
References
[1]Stewart, Thomas A. (1997). Intellectual Capital:The New Wealth of Organizations, New York:Currency Doubleday.
[2]Choo, C.W. (1998). The Knowing Organization:How Organizations Use Information to Construct Meaning, Create Knowledge, andMake Decisions, New York: Oxford UniversityPress.
[3]Davenport, T., and Prusak, L. (1998). Working Knowledge: How Organizations Manage What They Know, Boston: Harvard BusinessSchool Press.
[4]Brooking, A. (1997), "The Management of Intellectual Capital," Long Range Planning,Vol. 30, No. 3
[5]Edvinsson, L., and Malone, M.S. (1997).Intellectual Capital: Realizing Your Company's True Value by Finding Its Hidden Brainpower,New York: Harper Business.
[6]Nonaka, I.N. (1994). "A Dynamic Theory of Organizational Knowledge Creation," Organization Science, Vol. 5, No. 1, pp.14-37.Stewart, Thomas A. (1997). Intellectual Capital:
Thursday 2 April 2009
THE ROLE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN SUCCESSFUL KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT IN ORGANISATIONS
In today’s corporate world, the importance of knowledge is rising as a significant business resource, that constrained the CEO’s of the organisation to look at the knowledge beneath their business giving rise to Knowledge management initiative in the organisations, it is also been seen in many organisations that due to the advancement in IT is making the life easier in acquiring, storing and distribution of knowledge in an efficient manner than ever before. As a result most of the organisations are implementing IT in order to smooth the progress of knowledge sharing and integration; however there should be a consideration of KM complexity and type of IT available in the market and here comes the challenge of selecting the right kind of IT that supports the KM of that particular organisation.
Tierney, Nohria and Hansen,(1999) have stated that there are there lies two basic concepts on which IT could support Knowledge management , and those are codification and personalisation. Where the codification deals with more of explicit and at the same time the structured knowledge is being stored in Knowledge bases after is been codified, this is in order to the share and usage of knowledge by the people from a common storage area, the electronic knowledge repositories is an suitable example of IT tool for codification. Personalisation deals with more of tacit and the unstructured knowledge being shared personally through communications, and here IT plays the role of connecting all the people by improving communication in order to achieve complex knowledge transfer. And an example for personalisation is knowledge expert dictionary and video conferencing tools.
With respect to the implementation of IT in KM, the organisations are classified on two different dimensions, namely product based vs. Service based and high volatility context vs. Low volatility context. The importance of this classification is in order to describe the basis of competitiveness of the organisation and for the application of suitable KM approaches and the role of IT in KM.
The competitive base are different in product base and service based industries , the product base industries not only compete for physical products but the services an processes of marketing is also important, were us service base industry mainly competes for the services offered. Hence product based industries have more of diverse area in which knowledge could be made use of, in order to gain competitive advantages. and here a computer manufacturing companies like Hewlett Packard would be a good example, were it can enhance its sales knowledge , its sales person, that will also enhance the product development., companies like Erns & Young would be a good example for service based industries who’s concentration is being on service oriented knowledge giving cost-efficient services to their customers
The volatility dimension has an impact on business changes and leads to a situation where knowledge can be re-used.the business environment here is being referred to the market status, technological, regulatory and socio-cultural context.
In the high volatility context the knowledge is being time sensitive and hence the stored knowledge need to be refreshed often, for example, the Microsoft corporation who’s software products have short term life cycle and need updating often (Clayton and Foster,2000) were as in low volatility context, the knowledge comparatively less time sensitive and the lifespan is also longer without any up gradation.
According to Teigland, Fey and Birkinshaw(2000), the above stated types of organisations and contexts can be related to each others as,-product - based organisation in low volatility context, product based organisation in high volatile context, service based organisation in low volatile context and service based organisation in high volatile context.
Implication for practice
In accordance with the discussion and analysis of the above stated content, the personalised approach is to be adopted by the product based organisation in low-volatility context to compete on the basis of physical products, and also the combination of expert directories with collaboration tools like discussion forum and video conferencing would enhance employee communication and hence the knowledge.
Both personal and codification need to be adopted by the product based organisation in high volatility context, where again the expert directories and collaborations tools would support personalization approach ti knowledge management and common knowledge base with support codification to knowledge management .
Service based organisation in low volatility context must go with the codification approach to knowledge management where apart from technical aspects of knowledge, employees are to be provided with attractive incentives to encourage knowledge sharing.
The service based organisation in high volatility is to adopt personalization approach to knowledge management, which also would require IT tool support like media. As the knowledge is being shared on the basis of one to one, it should be encouraged by returning the calls by the employees by the executives, and by rewarding the employees sharing the knowledge. And hence in this way, the role of IT would be success full in knowledge management.
References
[1]Atreyi Kankanhalli, Fransiska Tanudidjaja,Juliana Sutanto, and Bernard C.Y. Tan.2003. THE ROLE OF IT IN SUCCESSFUL KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES. COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM.vol-46, issue-9.pg-69-73
[2]Clayton, S. and Foster, P. Real world knowledge sharing. Knowledge
Management 4, 2 (2000); 26–28.
[3]Hansen, M.T, Nohria, N. and Tierney, T. What’s your strategy for
managing knowledge? Harvard Business Review 77, 2 (1999), 106–116.
[4]Teigland, R., Fey, C.F. and Birkinshaw, J. Knowledge dissemination in
global R&D operations: An empirical study of multinationals in the
high technology electronics industry. Management International Review
40, 1 (2000), 49–77.
Tierney, Nohria and Hansen,(1999) have stated that there are there lies two basic concepts on which IT could support Knowledge management , and those are codification and personalisation. Where the codification deals with more of explicit and at the same time the structured knowledge is being stored in Knowledge bases after is been codified, this is in order to the share and usage of knowledge by the people from a common storage area, the electronic knowledge repositories is an suitable example of IT tool for codification. Personalisation deals with more of tacit and the unstructured knowledge being shared personally through communications, and here IT plays the role of connecting all the people by improving communication in order to achieve complex knowledge transfer. And an example for personalisation is knowledge expert dictionary and video conferencing tools.
With respect to the implementation of IT in KM, the organisations are classified on two different dimensions, namely product based vs. Service based and high volatility context vs. Low volatility context. The importance of this classification is in order to describe the basis of competitiveness of the organisation and for the application of suitable KM approaches and the role of IT in KM.
The competitive base are different in product base and service based industries , the product base industries not only compete for physical products but the services an processes of marketing is also important, were us service base industry mainly competes for the services offered. Hence product based industries have more of diverse area in which knowledge could be made use of, in order to gain competitive advantages. and here a computer manufacturing companies like Hewlett Packard would be a good example, were it can enhance its sales knowledge , its sales person, that will also enhance the product development., companies like Erns & Young would be a good example for service based industries who’s concentration is being on service oriented knowledge giving cost-efficient services to their customers
The volatility dimension has an impact on business changes and leads to a situation where knowledge can be re-used.the business environment here is being referred to the market status, technological, regulatory and socio-cultural context.
In the high volatility context the knowledge is being time sensitive and hence the stored knowledge need to be refreshed often, for example, the Microsoft corporation who’s software products have short term life cycle and need updating often (Clayton and Foster,2000) were as in low volatility context, the knowledge comparatively less time sensitive and the lifespan is also longer without any up gradation.
According to Teigland, Fey and Birkinshaw(2000), the above stated types of organisations and contexts can be related to each others as,-product - based organisation in low volatility context, product based organisation in high volatile context, service based organisation in low volatile context and service based organisation in high volatile context.
Implication for practice
In accordance with the discussion and analysis of the above stated content, the personalised approach is to be adopted by the product based organisation in low-volatility context to compete on the basis of physical products, and also the combination of expert directories with collaboration tools like discussion forum and video conferencing would enhance employee communication and hence the knowledge.
Both personal and codification need to be adopted by the product based organisation in high volatility context, where again the expert directories and collaborations tools would support personalization approach ti knowledge management and common knowledge base with support codification to knowledge management .
Service based organisation in low volatility context must go with the codification approach to knowledge management where apart from technical aspects of knowledge, employees are to be provided with attractive incentives to encourage knowledge sharing.
The service based organisation in high volatility is to adopt personalization approach to knowledge management, which also would require IT tool support like media. As the knowledge is being shared on the basis of one to one, it should be encouraged by returning the calls by the employees by the executives, and by rewarding the employees sharing the knowledge. And hence in this way, the role of IT would be success full in knowledge management.
References
[1]Atreyi Kankanhalli, Fransiska Tanudidjaja,Juliana Sutanto, and Bernard C.Y. Tan.2003. THE ROLE OF IT IN SUCCESSFUL KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES. COMMUNICATIONS OF THE ACM.vol-46, issue-9.pg-69-73
[2]Clayton, S. and Foster, P. Real world knowledge sharing. Knowledge
Management 4, 2 (2000); 26–28.
[3]Hansen, M.T, Nohria, N. and Tierney, T. What’s your strategy for
managing knowledge? Harvard Business Review 77, 2 (1999), 106–116.
[4]Teigland, R., Fey, C.F. and Birkinshaw, J. Knowledge dissemination in
global R&D operations: An empirical study of multinationals in the
high technology electronics industry. Management International Review
40, 1 (2000), 49–77.
Tuesday 31 March 2009
Knowledge Management systems
Knowledge in organisations are being acknowledged to be the key factors of resources as many of the prospective imply that the ability to organize knowledge in an organisation becomes the most important aspect for the organisational advantage, that is been stated by Teece (1998), Tsai and Ghoshal (1999).initiating of knowledge management in organisations are now subsequently growing, that has become one of the most important aspect and also the firms started making investment on IT in deploying knowledge management system. According to Davenport et al. (1998), Pickering and King (1995), the organisations primary view of these initiatives are been concentrated in the new application development of information technology like data warehousing, storage, capturing and circulation of the explicitly documented knowledge of the organisation and also it plays a good role in technology based initiatives like in data base creation for experts and expertise profiling.
If we look in to what does knowledge management means? is very well been defined by Alavi and Leidner (1999)as the systematic and organisationally specified process for acquiring, organising and communicating knowledge of employees to employees in the organisation in order to make use of the knowledge in much effective manner to improve the efficiency and productivity in the operation. and in continuation of this ,Davenport et al.(1998) considers knowledge management system as the tool that makes an effect on managing the knowledge and that Clearly apparent to the sight or understand in various implementations.
KMS capabilities
The capabilities of knowledge management system are stated as creation, were there is being an encouragement that contributes to the system by the incorporation of incentive mechanism which also includes knowledge creation ability. The storage or the retrieval of KMS enhances content management functionality and central knowledge respiratory which makes accessing of knowledge in a easier and quicker manner. the capability of transfer comprises the report generation and presentation functionality that enhances the collaboration and knowledge sharing within the organisation and about the KMS application which is in the form of customisable interface enables a push strategy for the knowledge, and the in the management aspect KMS provides the interns give the usage metrics and tracking becomes a mechanism in quality assurance and integrity of knowledge.
Benefits of KMS on business aspects.
It’s the fact that each and every organisation will expect for something good by getting any new systems in to the play. In the context, KMS give a lot of benefits in the improvement of the corporate in business aspect.KMS improves productivity and effectiveness, by the accessing of al the collected knowledge over years and years what works in certain situation and will be in the position to collect the necessary data so that one could get proper knowledge and hence a better productivity. KMS also improves efficiency and cost savings, increases responsiveness, enhances better communication, innovation of the organisation improves and leading to new product development or new knowledge and hence increases market share.
References
[1]Alavi, M., and Leidner, D. E. “Knowledge Management Systems: Issues, Challenges, and Benefits,” Communications of theAIS (1:Article 7), 1999.
[2]Davenport, T. H., De Long, D. W., and Beers, M. C. “Successful Knowledge Management Projects,” Sloan Management Review,Winter 1998 1998, pp. 43-57.
[3]Pickering, J. M., and King, J. L. “Hardwiring Weak Ties: Interorganizational Computer-Mediated Communication, OccupationalCommunities, and Organizational Change,” Organization Science (6:4), 1995, pp. 479-486.
[4]Teece, D. J. “Capturing Value from Knowledge Assets,” California Management Review (40:3), 1998, pp. 55-79.
[5]Tsai, W., and Ghoshal, S. “Social Capital and Value Creation: The Role of Intrafirm Networks,” Academy of Management Journal (41:4), 1999, pp. 464-476.
If we look in to what does knowledge management means? is very well been defined by Alavi and Leidner (1999)as the systematic and organisationally specified process for acquiring, organising and communicating knowledge of employees to employees in the organisation in order to make use of the knowledge in much effective manner to improve the efficiency and productivity in the operation. and in continuation of this ,Davenport et al.(1998) considers knowledge management system as the tool that makes an effect on managing the knowledge and that Clearly apparent to the sight or understand in various implementations.
KMS capabilities
The capabilities of knowledge management system are stated as creation, were there is being an encouragement that contributes to the system by the incorporation of incentive mechanism which also includes knowledge creation ability. The storage or the retrieval of KMS enhances content management functionality and central knowledge respiratory which makes accessing of knowledge in a easier and quicker manner. the capability of transfer comprises the report generation and presentation functionality that enhances the collaboration and knowledge sharing within the organisation and about the KMS application which is in the form of customisable interface enables a push strategy for the knowledge, and the in the management aspect KMS provides the interns give the usage metrics and tracking becomes a mechanism in quality assurance and integrity of knowledge.
Benefits of KMS on business aspects.
It’s the fact that each and every organisation will expect for something good by getting any new systems in to the play. In the context, KMS give a lot of benefits in the improvement of the corporate in business aspect.KMS improves productivity and effectiveness, by the accessing of al the collected knowledge over years and years what works in certain situation and will be in the position to collect the necessary data so that one could get proper knowledge and hence a better productivity. KMS also improves efficiency and cost savings, increases responsiveness, enhances better communication, innovation of the organisation improves and leading to new product development or new knowledge and hence increases market share.
References
[1]Alavi, M., and Leidner, D. E. “Knowledge Management Systems: Issues, Challenges, and Benefits,” Communications of theAIS (1:Article 7), 1999.
[2]Davenport, T. H., De Long, D. W., and Beers, M. C. “Successful Knowledge Management Projects,” Sloan Management Review,Winter 1998 1998, pp. 43-57.
[3]Pickering, J. M., and King, J. L. “Hardwiring Weak Ties: Interorganizational Computer-Mediated Communication, OccupationalCommunities, and Organizational Change,” Organization Science (6:4), 1995, pp. 479-486.
[4]Teece, D. J. “Capturing Value from Knowledge Assets,” California Management Review (40:3), 1998, pp. 55-79.
[5]Tsai, W., and Ghoshal, S. “Social Capital and Value Creation: The Role of Intrafirm Networks,” Academy of Management Journal (41:4), 1999, pp. 464-476.
Sunday 15 February 2009
Article - 3 DATA, INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE
DATA
According to Jon-Arild Johannessen, Johan Olaisen, Bjorn Olsen; (2002) Data can be regarded as bites of potential information, which on its own does not provide any meaning, or “bits of information about particulars” expressed something similar: “Coded events operate as information in the communication process, not coded ones as disturbance (noise)”. It is only when an observer understands the code for the data, and when the data is systematized and structured that data becomes information for the observer.
INFORMATION
According to Jon-Arild Johannessen, Johan Olaisen, Bjorn Olsen; (2002) Information is defined as systematizing and structuring of data, given that the code is known and understood, it is referring back to a reference foundation.
KNOWLEDGE
According to Jon-Arild Johannessen, Johan Olaisen, Bjorn Olsen; (2002) Knowledge can be divided into two main categories: explicit (codified) and tacit knowledge. Explicit knowledge can be formulated relatively easily by means of words, numbers and symbols, and can thus be digitized. Hence, this type of knowledge can relatively be easily transferred to others by the use of, e.g. information and communication technology (ICT). Tacit knowledge is deeply rooted in action (practice) and is connected to concrete contexts. This type of knowledge is difficult to transfer to others as information and is difficult to digitize, i would define management as strategized processing of any function in an organised manner to gain the maximum output.( according to my article on Knowledge management )
My view on the relation between data, information and Knowledge
I accept with the statement above and also have experienced the same that data, information and knowledge are related to each others would like to consider the mortgage application processing in a bank as an example to make it more clear. in an mortgage process, the applicant submits the application and after which most of the people doesn’t know what happens actually, let me discuss it with regards to data, information and knowledge. the application as a scanned copy goes to the data entry department where a data entry operator enters all the data's in to the banks official data base from the submitted application and registers it with a unique number called as account number, here the employee dealing with the data transfer does not know what it is actually and how is it going to be processes in the future to sanction the mortgage, after the completion of this process the official application is ready in the data base, then goes in to the underwriter’s queue, here an underwriter picks this application for processing, this person also views the same details that was seen by the data entry operator where the script was just viewed as a data, but here with the underwriting team, the same data is being looked in to as the information of applicant(eg: the credit score, property value, applicants age, applicants income, applicants social status, number of dependents applicant has) who has applied for the mortgage, this doesn’t stops here just with the data being turned in to information , but the information viewed becomes knowledge when the underwriter starts assessing the application by analysing in all the required respective aspects according to the underwriting policies which makes the underwriter to sanction the mortgage loan, and this information is true to my knowledge with my experience as a mortgage underwriter...and i consider this would be a good example that co-relate data, information and knowledge.
Refference:
[1]Jon-Arild Johannessen,Johan Olaisen and Bjørn Olsen,2002:"Aspects of a systemic philosophy of knowledge: from social facts to data,information and knowledge"pp:2-15.
[2]http://madhusudhananvadivel.blogspot.com/
According to Jon-Arild Johannessen, Johan Olaisen, Bjorn Olsen; (2002) Data can be regarded as bites of potential information, which on its own does not provide any meaning, or “bits of information about particulars” expressed something similar: “Coded events operate as information in the communication process, not coded ones as disturbance (noise)”. It is only when an observer understands the code for the data, and when the data is systematized and structured that data becomes information for the observer.
INFORMATION
According to Jon-Arild Johannessen, Johan Olaisen, Bjorn Olsen; (2002) Information is defined as systematizing and structuring of data, given that the code is known and understood, it is referring back to a reference foundation.
KNOWLEDGE
According to Jon-Arild Johannessen, Johan Olaisen, Bjorn Olsen; (2002) Knowledge can be divided into two main categories: explicit (codified) and tacit knowledge. Explicit knowledge can be formulated relatively easily by means of words, numbers and symbols, and can thus be digitized. Hence, this type of knowledge can relatively be easily transferred to others by the use of, e.g. information and communication technology (ICT). Tacit knowledge is deeply rooted in action (practice) and is connected to concrete contexts. This type of knowledge is difficult to transfer to others as information and is difficult to digitize, i would define management as strategized processing of any function in an organised manner to gain the maximum output.( according to my article on Knowledge management )
My view on the relation between data, information and Knowledge
I accept with the statement above and also have experienced the same that data, information and knowledge are related to each others would like to consider the mortgage application processing in a bank as an example to make it more clear. in an mortgage process, the applicant submits the application and after which most of the people doesn’t know what happens actually, let me discuss it with regards to data, information and knowledge. the application as a scanned copy goes to the data entry department where a data entry operator enters all the data's in to the banks official data base from the submitted application and registers it with a unique number called as account number, here the employee dealing with the data transfer does not know what it is actually and how is it going to be processes in the future to sanction the mortgage, after the completion of this process the official application is ready in the data base, then goes in to the underwriter’s queue, here an underwriter picks this application for processing, this person also views the same details that was seen by the data entry operator where the script was just viewed as a data, but here with the underwriting team, the same data is being looked in to as the information of applicant(eg: the credit score, property value, applicants age, applicants income, applicants social status, number of dependents applicant has) who has applied for the mortgage, this doesn’t stops here just with the data being turned in to information , but the information viewed becomes knowledge when the underwriter starts assessing the application by analysing in all the required respective aspects according to the underwriting policies which makes the underwriter to sanction the mortgage loan, and this information is true to my knowledge with my experience as a mortgage underwriter...and i consider this would be a good example that co-relate data, information and knowledge.
Refference:
[1]Jon-Arild Johannessen,Johan Olaisen and Bjørn Olsen,2002:"Aspects of a systemic philosophy of knowledge: from social facts to data,information and knowledge"pp:2-15.
[2]http://madhusudhananvadivel.blogspot.com/
Sunday 8 February 2009
Article-2, Knowledge management in organisation
Knowledge management in organization
This article would explain about what is knowledge management and how is being practiced in organisations, also have included my own views that i have learnt from my own experience of two years in an multi-national organisation,
To start the article on knowledge management in organisation, i would first like to give or explain about what is knowledge, management and organisation are.
What is Knowledge:
According to Roelf p and Uit beijers(1999), they have said that knowledge has two different basic ways of interest in which it can be definition, one of which is in accordance with the body of information, where body of information may comprise of facts, opinion, ideas, theories, principles and models and the other way of definition depends on the subject matter.
And also the term knowledge is being explained in different ways by many other authors to, among that with reference to weggeman(1997), knowledge is a personal potentiality of an individual which is the product of any information acquired by that individual and also according to Den Hertog and huizeuga(1997), knowledge is a collection of information that can utilized to manipulate certain functions.
What is management:
With reference to Roelf and Beijers(1999), management is a strategy driven motivations and facilitation of people aimed at reaching organisational level. Daft(1993), states management is achievement of the goals set by the organisation in an effective and efficient manner by the means of planning, organising, leading and having control over the organisational resources.
According to me, i would define management as strategized processing of any function in an organised manner to gain the maximum output.
What is organisation
Organisation is a group of people or a community working towards the same goal and to achieve it.
According to Stinchcombe(1964), organisation is a set of social relations deliberately created with explicit intension of continuously accomplishing same specific goals or purposes.
Knowledge Management
The term knowledge management itself makes people make their own assumptions of what it means, and may be so, there are a lots of definitions for this term, according to Ponelis and Fair-Wessels (1998), knowledge management is a new dimension of strategic information management.Davenport and Prusak (1998) defines knowledge management as a process where knowledge is being captured, distributed and is used effectively. Also according to Skyrme (1997) knowledge management is the explicit and systematic management of vital knowledge along with its associated processes of creating, gathering, organizing, diffusing, using, and exploiting that knowledge.
My view on knowledge management
I have been working in an Multi national organisation for more than two years, with my experiences and knowledge i have acquired and also with reference to the articles and journals listed below i feel knowledge management in an organisation is a one among the most important factor that improves the organisation with respect to the revenue earning and to withstand in the competitive market, and to define it in a simpler way, i would tell it to be the interdepartmental knowledge sharing in order to improve the performance level and for the smooth operations of all the departments or groups of an organisation and this may not be restricted within the organisation, rather sharing of knowledge with other organisations too. for an example , let us consider A-team and buffalo organisation, where Buffalo organisation may be the client of A-Team on a particular project and now there comes a situation where A-Team lacks knowledge on that domain in some aspect that they have to deliver the products to their client, at this instance, here comes a common co-operation between both organisation where they share their knowledge with each other in order to attain the goal, where both the organisations are benefited by improving their efficiency and revenue earnings.
if u ask, is there any good and adverse of knowledge management to the organisation practising it, then i would tell yes, there are good and bad about this in organisational operation, to consider some of the good factors from the example given above, the efficiency of the company increase, improves the profitability of the company, improvement in interaction of product developing and marketing, improves interaction or communication of knowledge workers, helps in the organisation focusing on the core business and critical organisational knowledge, helps withstand in the competitive market.
and about the disadvantages, there comes a problem when the organisation rates their employees (appraisals) on the basis of knowledge, there arises a situation of employees holding their knowledge within themselves
According to my opinion, knowledge management is one of the very important factor for an organisation in order to improve the company and hence is necessary for all the organisation to adapt this strategy in order to improve themselves in all the aspects discussed above.
References:
[1] Roelf P and Uit Beijers(1999):Questions in knowledge management: defining and conceptualising a phenomina.journal of knowledge management vol 3(issue-2)page98-99.
[2]Barclay R and Murrey P.,R.,ed.1997.knowledge praxis. Knowledge Management Associates.
[3]Stinchcombe, in J.March, ed., Handbook of Organizations, 1964, p.142.
[4]http://www.media-access.com/whatis.html( accessed on feb5 2009).
[5]Ponelis, S. and Fair-Wessels, F. 1998. "Knowledge management: a literature overview".South Africa Journal of Library Information Science. 66(1), 1-10
[6]Davenport, T. and Prusak, L. (1998). Working knowledge: how organizations manage what they know. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
This article would explain about what is knowledge management and how is being practiced in organisations, also have included my own views that i have learnt from my own experience of two years in an multi-national organisation,
To start the article on knowledge management in organisation, i would first like to give or explain about what is knowledge, management and organisation are.
What is Knowledge:
According to Roelf p and Uit beijers(1999), they have said that knowledge has two different basic ways of interest in which it can be definition, one of which is in accordance with the body of information, where body of information may comprise of facts, opinion, ideas, theories, principles and models and the other way of definition depends on the subject matter.
And also the term knowledge is being explained in different ways by many other authors to, among that with reference to weggeman(1997), knowledge is a personal potentiality of an individual which is the product of any information acquired by that individual and also according to Den Hertog and huizeuga(1997), knowledge is a collection of information that can utilized to manipulate certain functions.
What is management:
With reference to Roelf and Beijers(1999), management is a strategy driven motivations and facilitation of people aimed at reaching organisational level. Daft(1993), states management is achievement of the goals set by the organisation in an effective and efficient manner by the means of planning, organising, leading and having control over the organisational resources.
According to me, i would define management as strategized processing of any function in an organised manner to gain the maximum output.
What is organisation
Organisation is a group of people or a community working towards the same goal and to achieve it.
According to Stinchcombe(1964), organisation is a set of social relations deliberately created with explicit intension of continuously accomplishing same specific goals or purposes.
Knowledge Management
The term knowledge management itself makes people make their own assumptions of what it means, and may be so, there are a lots of definitions for this term, according to Ponelis and Fair-Wessels (1998), knowledge management is a new dimension of strategic information management.Davenport and Prusak (1998) defines knowledge management as a process where knowledge is being captured, distributed and is used effectively. Also according to Skyrme (1997) knowledge management is the explicit and systematic management of vital knowledge along with its associated processes of creating, gathering, organizing, diffusing, using, and exploiting that knowledge.
My view on knowledge management
I have been working in an Multi national organisation for more than two years, with my experiences and knowledge i have acquired and also with reference to the articles and journals listed below i feel knowledge management in an organisation is a one among the most important factor that improves the organisation with respect to the revenue earning and to withstand in the competitive market, and to define it in a simpler way, i would tell it to be the interdepartmental knowledge sharing in order to improve the performance level and for the smooth operations of all the departments or groups of an organisation and this may not be restricted within the organisation, rather sharing of knowledge with other organisations too. for an example , let us consider A-team and buffalo organisation, where Buffalo organisation may be the client of A-Team on a particular project and now there comes a situation where A-Team lacks knowledge on that domain in some aspect that they have to deliver the products to their client, at this instance, here comes a common co-operation between both organisation where they share their knowledge with each other in order to attain the goal, where both the organisations are benefited by improving their efficiency and revenue earnings.
if u ask, is there any good and adverse of knowledge management to the organisation practising it, then i would tell yes, there are good and bad about this in organisational operation, to consider some of the good factors from the example given above, the efficiency of the company increase, improves the profitability of the company, improvement in interaction of product developing and marketing, improves interaction or communication of knowledge workers, helps in the organisation focusing on the core business and critical organisational knowledge, helps withstand in the competitive market.
and about the disadvantages, there comes a problem when the organisation rates their employees (appraisals) on the basis of knowledge, there arises a situation of employees holding their knowledge within themselves
According to my opinion, knowledge management is one of the very important factor for an organisation in order to improve the company and hence is necessary for all the organisation to adapt this strategy in order to improve themselves in all the aspects discussed above.
References:
[1] Roelf P and Uit Beijers(1999):Questions in knowledge management: defining and conceptualising a phenomina.journal of knowledge management vol 3(issue-2)page98-99.
[2]Barclay R and Murrey P.,R.,ed.1997.knowledge praxis. Knowledge Management Associates.
[3]Stinchcombe, in J.March, ed., Handbook of Organizations, 1964, p.142.
[4]http://www.media-access.com/whatis.html( accessed on feb5 2009).
[5]Ponelis, S. and Fair-Wessels, F. 1998. "Knowledge management: a literature overview".South Africa Journal of Library Information Science. 66(1), 1-10
[6]Davenport, T. and Prusak, L. (1998). Working knowledge: how organizations manage what they know. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Thursday 22 January 2009
Article-1, GANGS
Gangs
The word Gang actually refers to a group of people joined together with common identity. in the earlier days dated back to 19th century the word GANG referred to group of workers in united kingdom and also they are still mean the same what they were, and later the name ,,GANG referred to the group of criminals or the word gangster, that refers to a criminal of an crime organisation(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang),
The concept of gang is not new or latest and this dates back to number of centuries back starting from the formation of pirates in olden days.
The definition for gangs according to the police is gangs being a collection or group of individual where the individual may either be juvenile or an adult, who joint or meets together on an regular basis to decide on a common goal or a purpose and involve in that planned criminal activities.
Classification
If we are to look in to classification of GANG then the this also being reffered to as WANNABES
School-yard Gang
the dissimilarity between different gangs can be categorised based on age, finance, activities and also on the level of Knowledgeableness and refinement. This also being referred to as WANNABES, the gang activities also takes place in some public schools
Scavenger Gangs
As the name itself states ,,, these gangs are not much effective and are least successful out of all the gangs, the gang members are like a sort of low level achievers and they go in to some illegal activities like violent and erotic behaviours, as they are not well organised. these gangs don’t plan anything and go ahead with their activities spontaneously and the crime they do are at a lower level only, however, if the scavenger gangs start organising themselves properly may lead them or promote them to become a Territorial gang
Territorial Gangs
This gangs are well organised compared to Scavengers gang , the purpose of this gangs are social. many may also sell drugs these gangs go with violent behaviour for the defence of their territory , the gang members are mostly attracted towards the gangs due to difficult home lives.
Corporate Gangs
These gangs are most effective ones and the members are far inteligants compared to other gangs and also they plan their work and in a very wel organised manner to achieve their targets, the members have to follow a particular ethics of the organisation and all. The purpose of these gangs marketing drugs are to make maximum gain, these leader of this gang will be an intelligent person, and the boss in these such a gang will be an highly success full career criminal.
Street gangs
This could be defined as an ongoing organisation or group of three or more number of individual performing either formal or informal primary activities like Robbery, homicide or manslaughter, sale or something relating to narcotics and illegal practices, etc...
My View on gangs in accordance with organisation
the word gang to most of the people refers to an illegal group and that is what comes to every one’s mind by hearing the word.and this kind of gangs stated above dont store their knowledge or information in th form of data or in other forms as every thing is just tacit and always these gangs deal with tacit knowledges as the measure of their safty and the secrets maintained. according to me i accept that mostly gangs refers to an organisation or an association doing illegal activities however, it also includes associations working for mankind and human welfare ,,even there are many gangs that do social works that benefits people without harming any one, and some helps to improve the mankind too. for example i myself was and in a gang where my gang consists of five members whose primary professions varies but we join to form a gang to achieve a similar goal and work with an objective of improving the standards of children in slum area by educating them and making them understand the outer world, for which we five work as an organisation, we plan in the way how the children are to be educated, we strategise what kind of knowledge is to be delivered to them, we analyse each and every children to understand their mentality and their grasping power of any information, we also educate them in the means of games, and take them to various places to create a change in their mind. we make a record of all the instances and events and later we again look in to this data’s of information that we have already recorded and use it to build an improved strategy with respect to the teaching procedures for the next batch of children, and this is how my gang works and hope this would have been proper example to support my view and also to show that there are gangs that also stores their information in the form of data and here explicit knowledge is also used.
Reference
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang[accessed on 26th january,2009]
[2]http://www.geocities.com/Athens/4111/nogangs.html(accessed on 30th january 2009)
[3]http://www.safeyouth.org/scripts/facts/gangs.asp(accessed on 4th feb 2009)
[4]http://www.gangwar.com/dynamics.htm(accessed on 7th feb 2009)
The word Gang actually refers to a group of people joined together with common identity. in the earlier days dated back to 19th century the word GANG referred to group of workers in united kingdom and also they are still mean the same what they were, and later the name ,,GANG referred to the group of criminals or the word gangster, that refers to a criminal of an crime organisation(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang),
The concept of gang is not new or latest and this dates back to number of centuries back starting from the formation of pirates in olden days.
The definition for gangs according to the police is gangs being a collection or group of individual where the individual may either be juvenile or an adult, who joint or meets together on an regular basis to decide on a common goal or a purpose and involve in that planned criminal activities.
Classification
If we are to look in to classification of GANG then the this also being reffered to as WANNABES
School-yard Gang
the dissimilarity between different gangs can be categorised based on age, finance, activities and also on the level of Knowledgeableness and refinement. This also being referred to as WANNABES, the gang activities also takes place in some public schools
Scavenger Gangs
As the name itself states ,,, these gangs are not much effective and are least successful out of all the gangs, the gang members are like a sort of low level achievers and they go in to some illegal activities like violent and erotic behaviours, as they are not well organised. these gangs don’t plan anything and go ahead with their activities spontaneously and the crime they do are at a lower level only, however, if the scavenger gangs start organising themselves properly may lead them or promote them to become a Territorial gang
Territorial Gangs
This gangs are well organised compared to Scavengers gang , the purpose of this gangs are social. many may also sell drugs these gangs go with violent behaviour for the defence of their territory , the gang members are mostly attracted towards the gangs due to difficult home lives.
Corporate Gangs
These gangs are most effective ones and the members are far inteligants compared to other gangs and also they plan their work and in a very wel organised manner to achieve their targets, the members have to follow a particular ethics of the organisation and all. The purpose of these gangs marketing drugs are to make maximum gain, these leader of this gang will be an intelligent person, and the boss in these such a gang will be an highly success full career criminal.
Street gangs
This could be defined as an ongoing organisation or group of three or more number of individual performing either formal or informal primary activities like Robbery, homicide or manslaughter, sale or something relating to narcotics and illegal practices, etc...
My View on gangs in accordance with organisation
the word gang to most of the people refers to an illegal group and that is what comes to every one’s mind by hearing the word.and this kind of gangs stated above dont store their knowledge or information in th form of data or in other forms as every thing is just tacit and always these gangs deal with tacit knowledges as the measure of their safty and the secrets maintained. according to me i accept that mostly gangs refers to an organisation or an association doing illegal activities however, it also includes associations working for mankind and human welfare ,,even there are many gangs that do social works that benefits people without harming any one, and some helps to improve the mankind too. for example i myself was and in a gang where my gang consists of five members whose primary professions varies but we join to form a gang to achieve a similar goal and work with an objective of improving the standards of children in slum area by educating them and making them understand the outer world, for which we five work as an organisation, we plan in the way how the children are to be educated, we strategise what kind of knowledge is to be delivered to them, we analyse each and every children to understand their mentality and their grasping power of any information, we also educate them in the means of games, and take them to various places to create a change in their mind. we make a record of all the instances and events and later we again look in to this data’s of information that we have already recorded and use it to build an improved strategy with respect to the teaching procedures for the next batch of children, and this is how my gang works and hope this would have been proper example to support my view and also to show that there are gangs that also stores their information in the form of data and here explicit knowledge is also used.
Reference
[1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang[accessed on 26th january,2009]
[2]http://www.geocities.com/Athens/4111/nogangs.html(accessed on 30th january 2009)
[3]http://www.safeyouth.org/scripts/facts/gangs.asp(accessed on 4th feb 2009)
[4]http://www.gangwar.com/dynamics.htm(accessed on 7th feb 2009)
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